植物内生肠杆菌对狗牙根耐盐性的调控研究

以从海滨雀稗中分离得到的内生肠杆菌为材料，采用种子萌发与盆栽试验两种方式研究植物内生细菌对狗牙根耐盐性的影响。通过对狗牙根种子和幼苗接种单一内生细菌和混合内生细菌，并测定种子发芽率、苗长、根长、生物量等生长指标与叶绿素含量、相对含水量、相对电导率和叶片中钠离子、钾离子的含量综合评价植物内生细菌对狗牙根耐盐能力的调控。结果表明，在150 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫下处理14 d后，接种混合菌液B3014比接种单一菌液B30更能提升狗牙根种子的萌发率、对盐胁迫下胚根及胚芽长度的增长也较显著（P<0.05）。在成坪期，与空白对照相比，接种内生细菌可以提升200 mmol·L^-1盐胁迫下狗牙根的成坪质量，增加地上、地下生物量的积累、苗长与根长生长量，并提升植株叶绿素含量与叶片相对含水量，降低细胞膜破损程度。在接种内生细菌处理中，接种混合菌液B3014可以使狗牙根在盐胁迫下受到的损伤显著低于（P<0.05）接种单一菌液B30。与此同时，接种混合菌液B3014对狗牙根叶片中钠离子含量降低程度高于接种单一菌液B30，同样，接种混合菌液B3014也能更好地积累盐胁迫下狗牙根叶片内钾离子含量，增加盐胁迫下狗牙根的耐盐能力。因此，接种混合菌液B3014对盐胁迫下狗牙根种子的萌发和成坪后的耐盐能力的提升高于接种单一菌液B30。探讨植物内生细菌对狗牙根耐盐能力的调控，为提高草坪草在盐碱环境中的应用提供了新思路。     

绵羊羊角形态与遗传调控机制的研究进展

绵羊是较早驯化的家畜之一，可为人类提供肉、毛、奶等产品，因而在我国畜牧产业中占有重要的地位。由于各地自然环境的差异和社会需要的不同，经长期的选择形成了数百个外表特征和生理习性各具特色的绵羊品种。羊角作为绵羊品种的特征性表型，承担着双重功能，发达的羊角不仅有利于公羊个体提高其在种群内的地位，拥有优先交配权，还可以有效抵御天敌的攻击，使群体免受捕食伤害；然而，随着规模化养殖的推广，羊角的存在已不利于舍内饲养管理，进而对绵羊品种的培育工作提出了新要求。目前，羊角虽在实际生产和品种培育工作中受到广泛关注，但其形态多样性及遗传调控机制的研究尚显不足。本文根据我国现有绵羊品种，对角的数量和形态、发育过程、遗传调控机制等方面的研究进行了综述，不仅能为后期鉴别绵羊羊角多样性的突变位点和主效基因提供参考，也可为绵羊的新品种培育奠定相关的理论基础。     

茶树植保机械及减量施药技术研究进展

农药防治是茶树病虫害综合防治的重要组成部分,其在病虫害突发或爆发时具有快速高效的防治优势。茶树叶片表面具有亲水性,常量施药会造成茶叶农残超标、生态环境破坏等问题,实现茶树减量施药是减少茶叶农残的有效手段。系统综述了茶树生物特性、茶树病虫害预测诊断及防治方法、茶树植保机械及施药技术,强调提高茶树低容量喷雾的农药有效利用率是实现茶树减量施药的关键。针对目前茶园地面工况复杂及农药利用率低的问题,本文从低容量仿形喷雾机、茶树病虫害喷雾决策及智能终端等六个方面提出茶树病虫害施药技术及装备的研究建议,指出低量化、精准化及智能化是未来茶树植保喷雾机械及施药技术的发展方向。     

基于注意力机制及多尺度特征融合的番茄叶片缺素图像分类方法

针对番茄早期缺素性状不明显及各生长期特征差异较大所导致的特征区域尺寸不一致、难提取、难辩别等问题，提出了一种基于注意力机制及多尺度特征融合卷积神经网络的番茄叶片缺素图像分类方法（Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Convolutional Neural Networks Based On Atte ntion Mechanism，MSFF-AM-CNNs）。首先根据番茄叶片缺素特点提出了多尺度特征融合结构（Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Module，MSFF Module）；其次在DenseNet基础上，结合浅层网络主要提取纹理、细节特征，深层网络主要提取轮廓、形状特征的特点分别提出具有针对性的特征提取方法，通过不同形式引入注意力机制及多尺度特征融合结构，使全局多尺度信息融合多个特征通道、选择性地强调信息特征并达到对特征精准定位的功能；同时引入Focal Loss函数以减少易分类样本的权重。试验结果表明，MSFF-AM-CNNs的平均召回率、平均F1得分、平均准确率较原模型DenseNet-121均大幅提升，其中缺氮和缺钾叶片的准确率分别提高了8.06和6.14个百分点，召回率分别提高了6.31和5.00个百分点，F1得分分别提高了7.25和5.55个百分点，平均识别准确率可达95.92%，具有较高的识别准确率及广泛的适用性，能够满足番茄叶片缺素图像的高精度分类需求，可为植物叶片缺素识别提供参考。     

生态公共服务视野下城市森林生态-经济系统的协同机理研究

在生态公共服务视野下,尽管当前我国的城市森林发展较为迅速,但对其森林生态经济系统的协同机理研究仍然还是一个新课题。本文结合海南国际旅游岛建设的相关实践,从治理机制、市场机制、利益分配机制、合作机制、扶持机制5个方面,对海南城市森林进行研究,以促进海南城市森林资源的优化利用和社会经济的可持续发展。     

Thresholds,sensitive stages and genetic variability of finger millet to high temperature stress

Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is an important coarse cereal crop grown in the arid and semi‐arid regions and often experiences high temperature (HT) stress. The objectives of this research were (i) to quantify effects of season‐long HT stress on physiological and yield traits, (ii) to identify the developmental stages most sensitive to HT stress and (iii) to quantify the genetic variability for HT stress tolerance in finger millet. Research was conducted in controlled environment conditions. HT stress decreased the chlorophyll index, photosystem II activity, grain yield and harvest index. Maximum decrease in number of seeds per panicle and grain yield per plant was observed when stress was imposed during booting, panicle emergence or flowering stages. Maximum genotypic variation was explained by panicle width and number of seeds per panicle at optimum temperature (OT) and grain yield per plant at HT and number of seeds at HT. Based on the stress response and grain yield, tolerant or susceptible genotypes were identified. Finger millet is sensitive to HT stress during reproductive stages, and there was genotypic variability among the finger millet genotypes for number of seeds per panicle and grain yield under HT, which can be exploited to enhance stress tolerance.     

Integrated Evaluation and the Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Semi-Wild Cotton under Complex Salt-Alkali Stress

[Objective] The genetic diversity of semi-wild cotton was abundant, so more new elite resistant genes could be found and applied to improve the resistance of cotton. The aim of this study was to primarily study on the regulation of response to salt-alkali stress, explore the method of integrated evaluation and characterize the resistance of semi-wild cotton. [Method] Four semi-wild and two cultivated Gossypium hirsutum accessions were evaluated for phonotypical, physiological and biochemical traits under alkali-salt versus normal conditions in hydroponic solutions. The alkali-salt tolerance was determined based on principal component analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, grey rational analysis and analysis of variance. [Result] On the basis of the overall results, the alkali-salt stress tolerance of the six accessions was ranked as: Marie-galante85 > Latifolium32 > CRI16 > CRI12 > Latifolium40 > Latifolium130. Roots were found to be the most important responsive systems to complex alkali-salt stress. At seedling growth stage, the active scavenging system played a crucial role in response to alkali-salt stress. In addition, the salt tolerant and salt sensitive accessions showed different response tends towards leaf peroxidase, root ascorbate peroxidase and root catalase within 48 h, suggesting the accessions have different levels of response to salt stress. [Conclusion]Our study identified the most alkali-salt tolerant accessions and provided basic concept of complex alkali-salt tolerance mechanism within cotton accessions. And, our study provided a simple and rapid, highly accurate and precise method for evaluating salt resistance of cotton, and proved that the balance of ROS system play an important role in response to salt-alkali stress. Hence, mining of salt tolerant genes from these accessions may facilitate the development of novel salt tolerant variety.     

Interactions of baseflow habitat constraints: Macroinvertebrate drift,stream temperature,and physical habitat for anadromous salmon in the Calapooia River,Oregon

1. The Calapooia River in western Oregon supports a small winter steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population and historically supported spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Early timber harvesting removed the riparian forest, and log transportation practices simplified the channel. Those disturbance legacies continue to affect fish habitat by limiting shade and channel complexity, complicating conservation efforts.
2. To evaluate juvenile salmonid rearing potential, macroinvertebrate drift, thermal regime and physical habitat were measured at eight sites in 24 km of the upper river during late summer baseflow.
3. Overall physical habitat was simple, with few functioning instream structures or pools. During the 22‐day drift study, flows declined and maximum site stream temperatures ranged from 23.1°C at the lower end to 16.4°C 24 km upstream.
4. Macroinvertebrate drift concentrations ranged from 0.7–13.7 ind. m^?3 with biomasses from 0.02–1.23 mg m^?3. Drift concentration biomass was higher upstream (P  = 0.006) than downstream and declined overall (P  < 0.001) during the study. Drift biomass was dominated by five taxon groups – Baetis tricaudatus, Calineuria californica, Hesperoperla pacifica, Simulium spp., and Chironomidae, which were 65% of total biomass. During twilight, total biomass and biomass of B. tricaudatus, Simulium spp., and Chironomidae (both larvae and adults) were higher.
5. Total drift declined dramatically over the study period owing to decreases in drift concentration and a 58% decline in discharge, greatly reducing overall drift and available food resources for juvenile‐rearing salmonids.
6. The upper catchment, both with cooler temperatures and higher food availability, provided the best conditions for juvenile anadromous salmonids to survive late summer conditions. Conservation consequences of climate change‐induced alterations in flow and temperature may further affect habitat quality for juvenile salmonids in this catchment in the coming decades.

     

High dietary energy level stimulates growth hormone receptor and feed utilization in large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) under hypoxic conditions

This study examines how appetite and growth regulation of Atlantic salmon are affected by low dissolved oxygen (LO) and dietary digestible energy levels (DE: high [HE] vs. low [LE]). Long‐term exposure to LO resulted in a reduced feed intake, growth, digestible protein and fat retention efficiencies and increased feed conversation ratio and plasma ghrelin concentrations (p < .05) compared to high dissolved oxygen (HO). Pair‐feeding of rations based on the feed intake of the LO groups, but fed at HO, resulted in a 50% growth improvement in HE diet groups. This suggests that the poor growth under LO was not entirely caused by the reduced feed intake. Salmon adapted to LO by increased haemoglobin concentrations, while osmoregulation was affected by increased plasma chloride concentrations (p < .05). Plasma ghrelin concentration was unaffected by DE (p > .05). Growth regulation was affected by the HE diet, with increased liver and muscle growth hormone receptor ghr1 mRNA (p < .05), regardless of oxygen level. The growth depression due to low oxygen appears to be related to higher metabolic costs, while higher DE upregulates the GH‐IGF system at the ghr1 level and found to be beneficial for growth, feed intake, oxyregulation and osmoregulation under hypoxia.